Ecologists in England and Scotland, collaborating with ecologists Christopher Sutherland and Joseph Drake at the University of Massachusetts Amherst, report this week on a new method of identifying an "entire community of mammals," including elusive and endangered species that are otherwise difficult to monitor, by collecting DNA from river water.
"Some mammal species are notoriously difficult to monitor," says environmental conservation Ph.D. student Drake. He adds that traditional survey methods are often tailored to a specific species, and therefore don't guarantee the detection of many other important species that are also present. Camera traps have improved the way conservation scientists study wildlife, but environmental DNA (eDNA) methods may offer a monitoring tool that could revolutionize conservation and ecology research, Sutherland adds, but the method required testing.
"We knew the potential of eDNA was massive, but when it comes to conservation, it is extremely important that we validate new approaches, and that's what we set out to do in this study," Drake said Details of their international collaborative work are in the Journal of Applied Ecology.
Naiara Sales of the University of Salford, U.K. and UMass's Drake led this study, in collaboration with researchers from the University of Tromsø, Norway, the universities of Aberdeen, Hull and Sheffield, and Liverpool John Moores University in the U.K. The research takes advantage of the fact that DNA shed from animals, either directly in the water or washed into the river, provides a snapshot of the local mammal community.
"We currently use many ways of detecting and monitoring mammals, from looking for signs such as footprints or feces, to using camera traps to take photos of them over several weeks. Now, we may just simply need to collect a few bottles of water and take it to the laboratory and look at the DNA we find," said mammologist Allan McDevitt of the University of Salford.
To test this, the researchers collected water and sediment from streams and rivers in Scotland and England. They found DNA from over 20 wild British mammals and compared the results to historical records, field signs such as fecal samples and cameras. They report that eDNA "provided a similar or better performance in detecting water voles, for example, when compared to looking for water voles using field signs or cameras."
They add that accurately assessing the conservation status and distribution of mammals is increasingly important as many species' populations decline worldwide. Further, surveys using traps, trail cameras and fields signs are time-consuming and costly.
Collaborators for several studies, McDevitt's group, collaborating with Sutherland's group at UMass Amherst, as well as at the universities of Aberdeen and Hull, now believe that using water bodies is an effective way of capturing all the mammals present within a watershed.
"We are always looking for ways to improve biodiversity assessments and monitoring, and we need to find methods which can be applied universally and cost-effectively," said McDevitt. "We have demonstrated that environmental DNA collected from water bodies is effective for providing us with information about the presence or absence of mammals of conservation concern. This could be used at national levels for monitoring declining or recovering populations, or the early detection of harmful invasive species."
Republished courtesy of University of Massachusetts Amherst. Photo: Samuel Browett, a grad. student at Univ. of Salford, U.K., collects water near a camera trap in a riparian area while monitoring for evidence of the surrounding mammal community. Credit: Joseph Drake