Foodsheds Could Lower U.S. Obesity
November 11, 2009
According to the CDC, between 1980 and 2006 the percentage of obese teenagers in the U.S. grew from 5 to 18, while the percentage of pre-teens suffering from obesity increased from 7 to 17. Such children often become overweight adults, leaving themselves especially susceptible to heart illness, Type 2 diabetes, strokes, and some forms of cancer.
These weight problems don't simply stem from a lack of willpower, according to Tenley Albright, director of MIT's Collaborative Initiatives program. Two years ago Albright helped organize an interdisciplinary group of 10 researchers from MIT and Columbia Univ. to analyze the causes of child obesity. Aided by a grant from the United Health Foundation, the team scoured medical and economic data, and consulted with medical researchers, economists and policy-makers, before releasing an initial October 2008 report.
The group's concluded that obesity is widespread due to our national-scale system of food production and distribution, which surrounds children-especially lower-income children-with high-calorie products. "The problem lies not just in a child, but the whole environment around a child," says Albright. "To end obesity, we need to produce healthier, more accessible, more affordable food." As Albright notes, 90% of American food is processed meaning it has been mixed with ingredients, often acting as preservatives that can make food fattening.
In another report the MIT and Columbia researchers have proposed a solution: America should increase its regional food consumption. Each metropolitan area, the researchers say, should obtain most of its nutrition from its own "foodshed," a term akin to "watershed" meaning the area that naturally supplies its kitchens. Moreover, in a novel suggestion, the MIT and Columbia team says these local efforts should form a larger "Integrated Regional Foodshed" system, intended to lower the price and caloric content of food by lowering distances food must travel, from the farm to the dinner table.
Only 1 to 2% of all food consumed in the U.S. today is locally produced. But the MIT and Columbia team, which includes urban planners and architects, believes widespread adoption of some modest projects could change that, by increasing regional food production and distribution.
To help production, the group advocates widespread adoption of small-scale innovations such as "lawn to farm" conversions in urban and suburban areas, and the "10 x 10 project," an effort to develop vegetable plots in schools and community centers. Lawns require more equipment, labor and fuel than industrial farming nationwide, yet produce no goods. But many vegetables, including lettuce, cucumbers and peppers, can be grown efficiently in small plots. "A lot of those projects could be started immediately," says Michael Conard, assistant director of Columbia's Urban Design Lab, who notes that during World War Two, small "victory gardens" produced more than 40% of America's fruits and vegetables.
To better distribute local food, some cities, including Oakland, Calif., Philadelphia, and Newark give grants and tax credits to help small markets sell fresh produce. But the architects and designers in the MIT/Columbia group suggest entrepreneurs or government should invest in a new concept: "food terminals," retail developments combining grocery stores with greenhouses, farmers' markets, restaurants, and even education centers as magnets for city residents who otherwise lack access to fresh produce.
"These would be multi-faceted places where people could buy food, learn about it, and get health information," says Kenneth Kaplan, an architect and associate director of MIT's Collaborative Initiatives project. "This is an urban planning challenge because the large supermarkets tend to sit out on the periphery of cities. In the areas where there is a deficit in healthy food, the infrastructure is simply not there." Retailing could also occur through low-cost "mobile food markets": buses retrofitted to sell produce.
Since not all regions grow the same produce, the researchers allow that many goods would still be shipped across regions. "We're not saying people in New England shouldn't eat pineapple," says Eleanor Carlough, program director of the Collaborative Initiatives. "But the apples grown in New England should stay there, if possible."
Building regional foodsheds, however, is a long-term process. The crux of the problem is how to make food both cheap and healthy. As multiple economic studies show, the price of healthy food has risen more quickly than the price of unhealthy food in recent decades. And as a 2004 study from the American Journal of Clinical Nutrition found, $1 could buy 1,200 calories of potato chips and 875 calories of soda, but only 250 calories of vegetables and 170 calories of fresh fruit.
"Business certainly isn't altruistic by nature, and you're not going to create a change unless you can show how people can make money," Carlough acknowledges.
Moreover, lifestyle changes have altered the way Americans eat. The USDA estimates that a family of four, with two kids between 6 and 11 years old, can maintain a healthy diet for roughly $700 to $1,050 per month, or $23 to $35 per day. That is based on market-bought food prepared at home, however. As the USDA also notes, money spent on food away from home increased about 17-fold in the U.S. from 1960 to 2005; among other things, people are consuming more high-fat "convenience" foods.
However, the researchers claim, an increasingly regional system of making and selling healthy foods will lower the cost of those goods, by reducing things like transportation costs. A Univ. of Iowa study shows that fruits and vegetables grown locally travel an average of 56 miles from farm to table, as opposed to an average of 1,494 miles for produce grown in other regions.
Moreover, the researchers assert, society as a whole pays for our national-scale food economy in ways that go beyond the price of food. Another Iowa study suggests that food production incurs additional costs of $6 billion to $16 billion when factors such as energy use and health care are included.
As Albright sees it, the effort to produce healthier foods "fits right in with the health-care reform effort right now because chronic diseases are so costly for the nation." America currently spends $14 billion annually treating childhood obesity, and $147 billion treating all forms of obesity.
Source: MIT
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